Fentanyl Chemistry

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Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used to treat pain and is almost a hundred times more potent than morphine. Fentanyl has a rapid onset of action and lasts only for a short time. The drug is widely used as an anesthetic as well as in the management of breakthrough pain and chronic pain.

The chemical name for fentanyl is ''N''-phenyl-''N''-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl) propanamide and it was first synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica using four steps, which are described below:

The wide popularity of fentanyl as a potent analgesic in the medical and healthcare settings, led to the development of several fentanyl analogues. Some of these include:

Several fentanyl analogues are used as recreational drugs by drug abusers including 3-Methylfentanyl, Acetyl-α-methylfentanyl, 3-Methylthiofentanyl, α-methylfentanyl, α-methylthiofentanyl, β-hydroxyfentanyl, β-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, Thiofentanyl and ''p''-flurorofentanyl.

Aside from the intravenous form of fentanyl, the drug is also available in the form of a transdermal patch, a buccal (mouth) dissolving tablets, a lollipop and a lozenge. The transdermal patch is used in the management of chronic or long-term pain. The drug is released by the patch into the body fats, from where it slowly moves into the bloodstream over two or three days, therefore providing long-term pain relief.

Dr. Ananya Mandal is a doctor by profession, lecturer by vocation and a medical writer by passion. She specialized in Clinical Pharmacology after her bachelor's (MBBS). For her, health communication is not just writing complicated reviews for professionals but making medical knowledge understandable and available to the general public as well.

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